Nutritional Requirements Of Adults Before Transplantation...

The article â€Å"Nutritional Requirements of Adults Before Transplantation† by Hwai-Ding Lam, MD, explains concerns regarding the nutritional management of organ transplant patients both pre and post-operatively. Nutritional assessments are important pre-operatively to determine if the patient is an appropriate candidate, and post-operatively to determine a plan of care. The conditions examined include end-stage liver disease, end-stage renal failure, end-stage heart failure, end-stage pulmonary failure, and irreversible intestinal failure. The article focuses on early assessment of the nutritional status of patients with goals including replenishing malnourished patients, maintaining the muscle and energy of patients with adequate muscle and energy reserve, encouraging weight loss in patients based on body mass index, and managing the patient’s symptoms to maximize their quality of life. The nutritional assessment of a patient is an important aspect of treating organ transplant patients and involves a subjective global assessment, anthropometrics, lab values, and other methodologies. End-stage organ failure is often multi-faceted which makes identifying and assessing nutritional status of patients difficult at times; a combination of both objective and subjective parameters were established to obtain the most accurate assessment. A complex history and physical assessment is done, called the subjective global assessment (SGA). Based on the results, patients are placed intoShow MoreRelatedHeart Failure : A Clinical Syndrome Characterized By Structural Or Functional Impairment Of Ventricular8006 Words   |  33 Pagesmass and lifetime alcohol consumption 15 o Metabolic/endocrine cardiomyopathy o Includes obesity cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hyperthyroidism, acromegaly, growth hormone imbalances, hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, pheochromocytoma o Nutritional deficiencies (ie thiamine, selenium) can also cause cardiomyopathy; may be seen with chronic alcoholism, anorexia nervosa o Peripartum cardiomyopathy o Left ventricular dysfunction occurs in the third trimester of pregnancy or in the immediate postpartumRead MoreManagement of Fluid Overload in Chronic Renal Failure4584 Words   |  19 Pages(National Kidney Federation (NKF), 2006 suggests that 1 in 10 people have CRF. Compared to young adults, 1 out of 2 in those aged over 75 years are suspected to have Kidney failure . Jassal (2009) also supports that chronic renal failure is increasingly being recognized in elderly individuals’ globally. In UK, between 2 and 3% of the National Health Service budget is spent on dialysis and transplantation and in many cases the patients are elderly (Black, et al 2010, p.25). The concern with fluid overloadRead MoreA Brief Note On Muslims And Healthcare Systems2881 Words   |  12 Pagesshould be made immediately. (Hoke, 2014). Muslims are also very focused on the dynamic of the relationship between the young and elderly. Elders are treated with the utmost respect within this culture and many gestures that might seem okay for young adults to indulge in are considered rude in the presence of elders. Calling elders by their first or last names without the prefix of Mr., Mrs., or Miss is considered rude, so it is always best to clarify what they prefer to be called. Standing up to greetRead MoreChapter 31 Nursing Management Hematologic Problems5788 Words   |  24 Pagesanemia? a. Omelet and whole wheat toast b. Cantaloupe and cottage cheese c. Strawberry and banana fruit plate d. Cornmeal muffin and orange juice ANS: A Eggs and whole grain breads are high in iron. The other choices are appropriate for other nutritional deficiencies but are not the best choice for a patient with iron-deficiency anemia. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application) REF: 637 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity 3. A patient who is receiving methotrexateRead MoreIphs Standards for 100 Bedded Hospital16137 Words   |  65 PagesCentres. 3 Setting standards is a dynamic process. This document contains the standards to bring the Sub-district Hospitals to a minimum acceptable functional grade with scope for further improvement in it. These standards are flexible as per the requirements and resources available to the concerned State/UT Government. The timeframe for implementation and achievement of these Standards could be extended for five years and to be done in phases. Most of the existing hospitals below district level (51-100Read MoreCommunity Acquired Pneumonia18251 Words   |  74 Pagesnursing care management a nurse can render to this kind of patient. (Mandell, 2007) Immunization against influenza and increasingly resistant pneumococci can play a critical role in preventing pneumonia, particularly in immunocompromised and older adults, which is administered annually. (Schmitt, 2011) The Prognosis of pneumonia is generally good, with rapid recovery when it is recognized and treated early. (Hockenberry, 2007) According to the National Statistical Coordination Board of the PhilippinesRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesDean of the College of Science and Mathematics and Professor of Statistics at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Roxy has been on the faculty at Cal Poly since 1979, serving for six years as Chair of the Statistics Department before becoming Associate Dean. She received an M.S. in Mathematics and a Ph.D. in Applied Statistics from the University of California, Riverside. Roxy is nationally known in the area of statistics education, and in 2003 she received the American Statistical

The Foster Care Systems Lie Under The Jurisdiction Of The...

The foster care systems lie under the jurisdiction of the Department of Human Services/Child Welfare. Legislation and funding are provided under the â€Å"Safe and Stable Families Act,† which is the primary responsibility of child welfare services. In each state there is an entity for child protection, in the State of Rhode Island it is the department of Children, Youth and Families. According to the Executive Director of Prevent Child Abuse RI, the money is funded from the federal government with the guidelines that each state must abide by. This funding allows the state the ability to do their job and provide services to protect and reunify children who are in out of home placements by providing services. Under the â€Å"Safe and Stable†¦show more content†¦Any help that provides assistance to a parent at risk, to have their children returned to them, is a positive goal for the parent-child relationship. Although the federal government controls the funding t hat will enhance the family relationship by supplying services, this unfortunately does not always rectify the family situation. If the system in place doesn’t work and the parent isn’t ready to have the child returned, this will leave a negative impact on the parent-child relationship. The parent may become frustrated and resort to behaviors such as substance abuse, physical abuse, and verbal abuse jeopardizing the parent-child relationship. As stated in Foster Care at issue, by Debra Bloom, family reunification is less likely to occur when parents are involved in the correctional system. Reporting that 16 % of mothers with children in foster care are arrested within 18 months, with the arrest occurring after the child has been placed in foster care. Suggesting that child welfare look beyond the system when developing potential outcomes. Positive effects on the child in the foster care may be the ability to

A Fusion of Past and Present Free Essays

Vacations are always a treat for everybody. For families, it means spending more than the usual time with each other, creating memories, having fun and blocking the rest of society out. It is in these rare times, when everybody is relaxed and optimistic that family members get to know the real people behind their Dads, Moms, Brothers and Sisters. We will write a custom essay sample on A Fusion of Past and Present or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not everyone can indulge in vacations and others may see it as an irrelevant expense, instead of a necessity. We often take it for granted but it is amazing how much good a simple vacation could do to a family who is under stress, and is caught up in their everyday routines. In fact, according to several independent studies published at Stress.About.com, vacations help one become more creative, as vacations are usually a time to get to know one’s self better. These studies also suggest that people who take more vacations are less likely to experience burnouts from little everyday stresses from work, marital life, and family life which could ultimately lead to a better way of life and an increase in the quality of work in one’s job. According to Barbara Fiese, a professor of Psychology at Syracruse University, vacations actually make you and your children healthier because they alleviate stress that builds up every day. Fiese also suggests that the amount of money you spend on vacations is not directly proportional to the health benefits you get, and adds that the silly songs you sing in the car, or those funny accidents you experience during a trip out of town are the things that make your vacation more unique, enjoyable and ultimately a lighter, happier experience. I think vacations are to be encouraged to everyone who has growing children, because they not only make for great memories, relieve the stress brought about by everyday life, and give a chance for family members to bond; but they also give you a place to find your inner child, which is definitely one of the best stress busters one could have. How to cite A Fusion of Past and Present, Papers

Famous People in During the Harlem Renaissance Example For Students

Famous People in During the Harlem Renaissance Jacob Lawrence A painter who detailed the experiences of the Great Migration north through art. One of the centurys greatest painters. Langston Hughes A Poet who blended or combine the experiences of African and American cultural roots Duke Ellington A jazz composer, bandleader, and pianist was born on April 29, 1899 in Washington D.C. He was recognized as one of the greats just composers and was awarded are countries high civilian honor, the presidential medal of freedom. Louis Armstrong A jazz composer was born in one of the poorest sections of New Orleans on August 4, 1901. Trumpet solos and scat singing transformed the American music scene. Bessie Smith When in the late 1890s Chattanooga, Tennessee, was one of the greatest blue singers of The 1920s. She was the highest paid African-American entertainer in the country. Georgia OKeeffe Was born on Wisconsin dairy farm on November 15, 1887. She is best known for her urban scenes and, later, paintings of the Southwest. F Scott Fitzgerald Was born in St. Paul, Minnesota September 24th, 1896. Novelist, he is known for his novels and short stories about Americas Jazz age during the 1920s. John Steinbeck As a novelist, he portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers during the 1930s. Aaron Copeland Born on November 14th, 1900 in New York City. A composer who wrote a unique or new kind of American music. George Gershwin Born on September 26, 1898 in New York to Russian immigrant parents. A composer who wrote a unique, or new kind of American music. In 1924, he did the jazz-influenced, Rhapsody in blue.

Night Essays (715 words) - The Holocaust, Holocaust Literature

Night The Absence of Knowledge Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into a long night never shall I forget that smoke Night doesnt always represent the absence of light, but is a symbol for the absence of knowledge. Elie Wiesels book Night is a true account of what the Holocaust did, not only to many Jews but to humanity as well. The night was dark, flooded with death and decay, in the silent gray sky, secreting all that happened in Germany at that time. Crematories filled the night sky with the horrific odor of burning flesh, searing your nostrils. In this night, a concealed operation was occurring. Millions of Jews, including Elies family suffered horrible deaths of incineration, being shot to death, lack of food, and terrible death marches. This book was titled Night because of the worlds ignorance towards the slaughtering in Germany by the Nazis. Elie and his family were transported by train; cramped, starved, and fearful of death. These massive trains carried thousands of women, children and men to an unknown destination, leaving them in the dark, without windows or fresh air they were living in an everlasting night. Many Jews went crazy and tore their hair out from living in a cramped space. They were not given food or water for many days so they became dehydrated and desperate for just a bite of hard bread. There was no sanitation in the boxcars. Not having bathrooms and sinks made the train cars reek of waste. Many people went crazy like the woman in Elies car who had images of smoke and fire, screaming and yelling till she got knocked out. Because the train cars were so dark and dim it gave everyone within them a long night, full of fear. Gleiwitz concentration camp was one of the nastiest camps he had been to. Elie Wiesel worked endless nights, trying to stay alive, and keep his father alive. Many Jews were worked to death by hard labor and no food. His father was getting weak, so Elie gave him extra rations of food to keep him living. Another hardship was the long, arduous death marches. The allies were coming closer to the camps, so the Nazis made Elie and his father run from Buna to Gleiwitz, to evacuate to a more central part of Germany. The transfer was a long journey through bitter cold, and thick falling snow. Elie fought these hardships, unlike many who died, and came through to live to this day. Throughout the book Elie showed the reader how the evil Nazis broke the pride and spirits of the Jews. As the time he was in the camps went by, he began to lose faith in God. He saw many brutal beatings and killings that made him think. Why does god exist, and if all those people were dieing and suffering without any help from him. As he watched this happen, he knew he was going to be physically and mentally impaired during the time at camp. He learned to be quiet and take a beating if you must do so in order to live, and not to fight back. Because of all this, it made him wonder if God was really watching him and taking care of him. Elie was a great example of how the Nazis broke the Jews down and made them weak. The Holocaust threw a blanket over the rest of the worlds eyes. It seemed impossible to believe such horrors could occur so suddenly. Other countries ignored the fact that six million people were killed. The Nazis pursued that goal in liquidating millions of Jewish, gay, handicapped, and black citizens. By the end of the war Elie had lost all faith in God, and his people forever. The terrible train rides, death marches, the loss of spirit, and faith in his fellow man, provides the title Night for this great authentic novel. The night was a time for suffering and sorrow, a time of history that no one will ever forget. We need to remember the horrors of the Holocaust so that this night, or absence of knowledge, will never be allowed to occur ever

Major Types of Relations in Organizations

Major Types of Relations in Organizations The concept of employee relation is both a philosophy and practice that has been embraced for long. It is a philosophy in the sense that it motivates employees to perform better in organizations. As a practice, it has been used by organizational managers to initiate processes that tend to boost productivity (Armstrong, 2008, p.195).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major Types of Relations in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The practice and philosophy of employee relation is best put under the philosophy of Human Resource Management. Hence, the model in Human Resource Management that constitutes the concept of employee relations include self drive for strong commitment that focuses on winning the hearts and minds of employees (Armstrong, 2008, p. 195). As a matter of fact, employee relations explore the nature of relationships that exist in organizations. There are three major types of relations in orga nizations that are closely related to employees. These are employer-employee relations, employee-employee relations and employee-work place/organizational relations. Components of Employee Relations There are myriad of essential components that constitute employee relations. These include performance management that is aligned with the goals and objectives of an organization, significances attached to employees in organizations, tactics of administering the performance of employees, the link between performance of employees and rewards in addition to job design. Finally, discipline of employees and employee counseling are also vital components in employee relation. According to Gennard and Judge (2005, p. 14), anything that pertains employee relations must consider management aspect of solving problems that are identified among employees. This management must be designed in a way that it captures the tacit knowledge of the employees and how this can be transited to the organizationa l performance. However, the overall interests of the organization, which to some extent are the interests of the employer, must be looked into (Gennard Judge, 2005, p.14). Theoretical framework of employee relations The concept of employee relations is like a survey on what motivates the employees. Zagelmeyer (2004, p.20) points clearly that employee relations or workplace industrial relations must be determined by the governance structures. Therefore, the theoretical framework of employee or industrial relations must look at the determinants of structures of governance of the organization (Zagelmeyer, 2004, p.19).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are two major theories that helps understand the concept of employee relations. These are the Employment Relationships System (ERS) theory and EIR theory The ERS theory According to Kaufman (2004, p.62), the Employm ent Relationship System looks at the integration of various systems in the work place. Essentially, it is an implication that goes together with the importance attached to labour in the organization. Kaufman (2004, p.62) adds that the theory is qualified by the principles of sociology and psychology. These form a central understanding of the relationship needs of the employees and then predict the outcome or performance of the employees in the organization. The theory teaches that the nature of relationships in various systems in the organization; that is, the employee, the work place and the employer dictate the kind of behavior exhibited by the employee, and it is essential for employee performance in the organization. The EIR theory This theory combines two understanding of workplace relations namely the Employee relations (ER) and Industrial Relations (IR) hence EIR. According to Townsend and Wilkinson (2011, p. 13), the EIR theory helps in explaining, understanding and predicti ng the constituents and configurations of Employment Relationship System plus various observed behaviors in the employees. This theory seeks to put causal relationships between two things which can be named as A and B. The A in this case can be an independent variable and as pertaining employee relations, this could be the conditions in the workplace. B is a dependent variable, and as per this discussion, these are the behaviors and performances that come as a result of conditions in the workplace. The changing nature of Employee Relations Employee relation is a concept of human resource management. Jenkins (2002, p.11) notes that the overall policy of human resources has changed along, and these mostly concerns modifications in how personnel in the organization is managed. Even before the concept of employee relations was conceived, there existed the industrial relations. Therefore, the concept and understanding of employee relations is bound to change over time. Jeff and Ian (1996 , p. 36) note that line managers should be well equipped in the management of employees relations because change is in the offing. The classical styles of managing relationships in the organization are slowly becoming obsolete and it is possible that the current practice would be overhauled soon.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Major Types of Relations in Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are a number of factors that are influencing this change. Globalization has influenced a lot in how relationships in the organization are to be managed. This is because the world has become small and there is a need to employ internationally recognized practices in management of relationships in the organization. The increase of bargaining power in management of organizations has also made it compulsory for line managers to change their approach to employee relations and human resource management in general (Jeff Ian, 1996, p. 36). A need to put quality and enhanced productivity may also compel organizations to change the way they approach management of employees in organizations. Indeed, employees ought to be motivated so that they can improve organizational performance. Employee Relations in the United Kingdom The concept of employee relations has taken varying dimensions. However, the concept should be put in to the account of major actors such as diverse scenarios and complex environments. As well, there is a need to look at the wider area of employment relationship instead of just focusing on industrial conflicts. However, the most important aspect of employee relations is practice what is recognized internationally as ideal practice. In the United Kingdom, the concept of employee relations is put under four major areas namely; Social, Economic, Political and Legal. In understanding employee relations in the UK, the roles of Trade Unions must be looked into. Role of Trade Unions Trade Unions are very critical when it comes to management of employees in any kind of organization. In United Kingdom, the trade unions represent the interests of the workers in the country. They do this by use of political bargaining and collective bargaining tools. According to Gennard and Judge (2005, p.73), United Kingdom has a trade union which has become accepted by the majority of the employees in the country. However, the year 2003 was not a good year for the trade unions in the country and this had an adverse effect on the trade union. For example, Gennard and Judge (2005, p.73) note that autumn 2003 had the membership of the unions fall by 7.068 million. In the UK, the concept of employee relations is like a marked split between the traditional industrial relations or public sector and the modern methods that go with the private sector.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The trade unions are mostly applicable for employees in the public sector and the private sector has non-union employees. The United Kingdom has issues that pertains employee relations. According to Dickens and Neal (2006, p. 49) notes that employee relations has become a legislative issue in Australia. It is also imperative to note that the latter challenge appears to be a growing problem all over the world. Public sector in UK and employee relations The public sector in the United Kingdom has the employees who are enrolled in trade union. In the United Kingdom, 70% of the employees are in the public sector with only 30% being in the private sector (Blanpain, Bamber Pochet, 2010, p. 30). The public sector has a better collective bargaining as compared to the private sector and actually 45% of people in organization s in the country have their salaries and pay influenced by collective agreements. However, even with the existence of trade unions and legislations, the country has had notorious attitudes towards industrial relations and generally employee relations. However, the attitude has become enhanced. The situations changed from the year 1980 and the country has had one of the best standards in employee relations. There was even a legislative Act of the year 1999 which was named as Employment Relations Act. This Act proposed a change in management of trade unions and put a strong recognition of their roles in the management of employees. Global economic difficulties and response in management of employees Blackett and Levesque (2009, p. 78) note that the difficulties that have come with global recessions of the year 2009 and other negative global economic issues have affected the management of employee relations. The issues have changed the approaches of the public sector and private sector when it comes to management of employees. In the United Kingdom, the global economic difficulties prompted responses from both the private and public sectors. For exam ple, the private sector in the country had to cushion the employees from the effects of the recession. The City council in Manchester had to sanction what it called a top-up minimum wage. Each worker was to be paid  £6.75 per hour as the minimum wage. However, the private sector had different approaches; for example cutting off of some enjoyment packages and allowances. Conclusion In summing up, it is vital to reiterate that employee relation is indeed an integral and inseparable component of organizational performance. In addition, there are various theories that have been employed in creating thorough understanding of how employee relations impact organizations on a day-to-day basis. For instance, the Employment Relationship System explores and integrates various systems and structures at workplace. It has a very close tie to the value attached to human resource in any organization. Secondly, the EIR theory of employee relations attempt to address both Employee relations (ER) an d Industrial Relations (IR) theories that affect employees in various workplaces. These two theories have been instrumental in shedding more light on how employees and organizations interact on a day-to-day basis. Management of employees in an organization is an important aspect of organizational administration. In the absence of employees, the expected returns by employers may never be realized. Hence, there are three crucial relationships that must be looked into namely employer-employee relationship, employee-employee relationship and employee – work place relationship. The concept of employee management in United Kingdom is an important aspect. However, it is the role of trade unions especially in the public sector that attracts much attention when managing employees. References Armstrong, M. 2008. Strategic Human Resource Management: A guide to Action. London: Kogan Page Publishers. Blackett, A. Levesque, C. 2009. Social Regionalism in the global economy. New York: Tayl or Francis. Blanpain, R., Bamber, G. Pochet, P. 2010. Regulating employment relations, work and labour laws: International comparisons between key countries, Bedfordshire: Kluwer Law International. Dickens, L. Neal, A.C. 2006. The changing institutional face of British employment relations. Bedfordshire: Kluwer Law International. Gennard, J. Judge, G. 2005. Employees’ relations. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Jeff, H. Ian, C.1996. Change in Employee Relations: Can Line Managers Deliver? Management Research News, 19 (5), 35-37. Jenkins, A. 2002. Employment relations in France: Evolution and innovation. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Kaufman, B.E. 2004.Theoretical perspectives on work and the employment relationships. Illinois: Cornell University Press. Townsend, K. Wilkinson, A. 2011. Research Handbook on the future of work and employment relations, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Zagelmeyer, S. 2004. Governance structures and the emp loyment relationship: Determinants of employer demand for collective bargaining in Britain, London: Peter Lang publishers.

The Current Policing Philosophies Have a Positive Impact on the Commun Research Paper

The Current Policing Philosophies Have a Positive Impact on the Communities - Research Paper Example The current policing philosophies have a positive impact on the communities since they ensure community partnerships in addressing the underlying causes of crime and entail the use advanced technologies in the collection of intelligence information that ensure a proactive response. The history of policing in America has similarities to that of England since Colonial America had a system of night guards who were supposed to guard the cities and municipalities against disorder, fire outbreaks and crime (Palmiotto, 2000). A distinct characteristic of policing in the 1800s was the powerful influence of politicians since police chiefs were hired in order to further the interests of the politicians. Police officers were often accused of corruption, misuse of force and violence towards certain racial groups in the society (Adlam & Villiers, 2003). The Southern states such as Carolina established the ‘Slave Patrol’ that tasked the officers with the duty to apprehend and return escaping slaves and subject the slaves to summary disciplinary measures outside the formal judicial system (Reisig & Kane, 2014). The officers would also enforce the ‘Jim Crow’ laws that advocated for segregation and unequal access to the political rights. The end of slavery led to the evolution of policing work since formal police departments were established in order to deal with local law enforcement. The changes saw the establishment of the centralized municipal police department in the 1830s and the cities of Boston, New York and Chicago were the first to establish the American police force (Palmiotto, 2000). The 20th century led to urbanization and increase in crime rates thus better-equipped police force was established in order to handle crime (Cordner, 2014). The civil rights era led to a shift of policing from the tradi tional crime control to more cooperative partnerships with communities.  

Giving back as much as you take Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Giving back as much as you take - Essay Example As averred by Taylor – Cassan, (2007, par. 1), â€Å"recently, more and more companies have been becoming green. They have been volunteering time and donating money to green causes, using green technology, and encouraging their employees to think green†. Environmental sustainability is defined as â€Å"maintaining the factors and practices that contribute to the quality of environment on a long-term basis† (Business Dictionary, 2011, par. 1). For a student, one can actively be committed in a transformation in one’s personal lifestyle through focusing on ways that would protect, preserve and sustain the environment. One of the most common and simple way that would help contribute to environmental sustainability is to conserving electricity. People have the tendency to be indifferent in turning off lights or even water, when not in use. Turning off electrical appliances such as the television, computers, and other electrical gadgets from the plug would help minimize electrical consumption. Another simple and effective way to support sustainability is to observe the ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ slogan in terms of becoming responsible and aware the amount and quality of garbage that one throws away.

Planning, Assessment and Evaluation of Learning Essay

Planning, Assessment and Evaluation of Learning - Essay Example The curriculum is based on P3 to P6 levels for assessing the progress made. The paper will discuss the effectiveness of the planning, teaching and evaluation as well as the need for assessment of the learning in the context of a learning plan for special children. The choices for different learning approaches are justified by drawing from various learning theories. The Ideals of Special Education Every child has his or her own potential. High standard education for special children is one where the individual potential of the child is recognized and promoted. The philosophy of teaching should focus on a learner centric approach, with the child taught through different ways to encourage learning. Ideal learning and teaching requires that the child is the centre of the learning experience and all learning activities are planned and organized taking into consideration the specific learning needs of the child. The child has a range of activities to choose from, carried out under the supe rvision of the teacher to facilitate and enhance learning. According to Vygotsky, learning is arbitrated or facilitated by teachers in the environment that pupils find themselves in and that a major proportion of the facilitation is brought about by communication via language (Woolfolk 2006). Education should focus on the integration of the experiences of the child with their mental maturation. This is exemplified by the constructivism approach presented by Piaget. Piaget contended that the â€Å"interaction between biological maturation and experience† is the underlying mechanism for the progression of the child along the different stages of cognitive development (Sigelman & Rider 2008). The current learning theories, no matter what they emphasize on, have a central element common to them all- all theories encompass â€Å"participation in relationship and community transformation both of the person and of the social world† (Office of Learning and Teaching 2005). These activities are instrumental in encouraging learning through different learning styles; thus, children can maximize their learning by following the learning style that suits them the most. Encouraging pupils to discover and use their learning styles is a successful approach to learning. Kolb’s learning cycle also highlights the same phenomenon. He suggested four levels of learning which constitute the learning cycle: concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation (Smale & Fowlie 2009). Kolb asserted that learning can occur at any one of these levels. Honey and Mumford furthered upon this learning model and suggested learning styles that corresponded to each level. They suggested that activists are those who learn from concrete experience, reflectors from reflective observation, theorists from abstract conceptualization and pragmatists from active experimentation (Smale & Fowlie 2009). This follows that people have their own unique styles of learning and learning can be acquired through the effective use of any of these styles. According to Every Child Matters, a prime priority in learning these days is personalized learning and evaluates the value being given to education in schools and provision of more specialist services for children with special needs (Teacher Training Resource Bank 2011). Key Stage 3 and P levels Typically, Key Stage is a legal terminology used to describe the pupils in Year 7, 8 and 9,

Thomas Cook PESTEL Analysis

Thomas Cook PESTEL Analysis This report is going to analyse and evaluate the strategic fit of Thomas Cook plc and its critical success factors using analytical tools. The PESTEL Analysis is used to evaluate conditions in the Travel and Tourism market environment and how these conditions affect Thomas Cook plc and its competitors now and in the future. A porters five forces analysis will also be used to determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of the travel and tourism industry. Introduction Thomas Cook Travel Company was first started by its namesake in June of 1841 and has since become the worlds most recognisable name in the travel industry. The merger of Thomas Cook AG and My Travel Group plc on June 19th of 2007 produced Thomas Cook plc, making Thomas Cook the second largest leisure travel group in the UK behind TUI Travel plc its major competitor. Thomas Cook specialises in providing a wide range of package holidays to destinations. (Thomascook.com) INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS (Task A) PESTEL ANALYSIS The PESTEL frame work categorises environmental influences into six main types which are political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal (see appendix A). The PESTEL framework helps managers understand the key drivers of change and also the differential impact of these external influences and drivers on the industry, markets and individual organisations. (Johnson, Gerry, 2005). Political factors According to CIPD, coalition governments spending cuts are going to result in 0.7million job losses in the public sector. The travel and tourism industry is in the public sector; therefore their employees are faced with fears of redundancy. Announcement of redundancies will invariably have an adverse impact on morale, motivation and productivity of remaining employees. The negative effects can be reduced by sensitive handling of redundant employees and those remaining and to be as honest as possible with the remaining staff to gain back their trust and confidence. (cipd.co.uk) Economic factors are of concern to travel and tourism, because they may influence demand, costs, prices and profits. Package holidays are an income elastic business, as income decreases or rises; it can have a significant effect on the demand. Therefore looking ahead, public sector cuts are likely to have a major consequence on the travel and tourism industry. Social Factors Redundancies and other government cuts will potentially result in limited disposable income for consumers. According to Mintel, some 12% of consumers are spending nothing on non-essentials, with 35% describing themselves as very cautious, 30% as quite cautious, and only 5% as not at all cautious. This is because of the decrease in disposable income. If income decreases, then spending will become more cautious, especially on income elastic items such as package holidays, therefore reducing profit  margins for the travel industry. With all the package holidays in the UK, supply will remain very high as demand decreases forcing companies to reduce their prices. The spending cuts will mean that business executives will have to cut their budgets and most likely use low-cost travel planes such as Easy Jet and Rynair. Video conferencing is improving all the time, and the price has fallen to zero using online systems such as yahoo messenger, business may be forced to use this method to communicate to reduce their costs. This going to affect the travel industry a lot, executives provide business anytime of the year whilst holidays are seasonal. This will reduce customers. If classy seats are either vacant or earning less revenue, this means less departures or soaring economy class fares. Companies will also be forced to provide bargains for leisure travelers willing to upgrade to business class. Technological Factors The most powerful example technology is the emergence and improvement of the internet, which led to reduced costs and increased operational efficiency within the tourism agencies and airports. Because the internet is becoming better every day, its causing intimacy between tour operators and clients and improving contentment for both parties. Aside the internet, other major technologies that support the continuous growth of the tourism industry are those implemented by transportation, which is becoming safer, quicker and more pleasing. The technological implementations within tourism operations have led to changes in working behaviour and will also result an increase of demand for labour force, implying as such that educational institutions place more emphasis on teaching tourism. Environmental Factors Protecting the environment is one of the most talked about and sensitive matters today, making environmental responsibility part of the factors that determine a tour operators success. According to global warming 2020, aviation which ferries hundreds of thousands of tourists across the globe is of great concern to those seeking to protect the environment. A major concern for the industry is  greenhouse  gas  emissions and their implication for climate change. Aviation produces at least two percent of emissions. One way the aviation industry is working on this problem is by rolling out newer planes that have fuel efficient engines which means less carbon emissions. However not all airlines especially in the poorer countries can afford buying new aircraft. PORTERS FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS Porters five forces analysis (see appendix B) was developed to as a way of assessing the attractiveness of different industries. The five forces constitute an industrys structure. (Johnson, Gerry, 2008) Threats of substitutes The lack of disposable income and the effect of coalition government spending cuts are likely to change consumer spending habits, as a result with a significant shift in demand from luxury goods to inferior goods which are much more affordable, consumers are likely to shift to local and cheaper holidays and may choose to use trains (eurostar) or their cars to local holidays. Terrorism has affected the mentality of travellers and has made travelling more difficult and uncomfortable. People have to think about security issues from when they start packing to when they reach their destination, this will convince more travellers to use trains or holiday locally. This is however a moderate threat because customers usually prefer airlines because they are much quicker. Competitive Rivalry The Travel and tourism industry occupies a big segment of the business market and therefore provides many opportunities for tour operators; however its a very competitive industry. To be successful a package holiday company needs to discover the best fit between their individual skills, competencies and resources and external market characteristics to make sure that they stay on top of their game. Brand recognition and strength also determine the success of a company against its competitors, especially if times are tough in the economy. Negotiating powers of buyers Demand in package holiday industry is extremely elastic; this means that buyers will not just accept a given price by a package holiday company. Customers will use any information sources available to them such as the internet to look for better and exclusive deals available around, and with so many package holidays available in the UK, they are likely to find one and use a different company. As discussed above about the effect of economy on the travel industry, the powers of buyers are that they have a huge influence on the setting of prices in accordance with the prices which are around in the market. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS Critical success factors are used to identify key factors that a business needs to focus on to ensure that their business is successful. To survive and prosper, all industry participants must use an emergent strategy. Emergent strategy is a way of action that develops over time in an industry without a specific mission, goals or long-term plans. Emergent approaches should be thoroughly analysed in the context of an increasingly active, highly competitive and global business market. Influential external forces mentioned in the PESTEL analysis are pushing companies to reduce costs, improve processes and identify new opportunities for growth and an emergent strategy will help companies cope with these factors. An emergent approach leads to more creative and responsive strategy making which is well suited to the hyper-competitive and unpredictable environments such as the package holiday industry. It is more suited to instigating positive, transformational organisational change such as diversification or restructuring. It also has the added benefit of helping to reduce resistance to change as it allows time to build employee support while the strategy is taking shape. (powerfulwords.co.uk)

Essay --

Things fall a part is an outstanding African literature. The author of the novel is Chinua Achebe and presents the culture, society and history of Ibo community. The novel presents the Ibo community as a native African community and brings about the comparison between the community and Christianity. With the introduction of Christianity, the Ibo community was confused since the missionaries wanted them to adapt Christianity and abandon their cultural beliefs and practices (Rhoads 68). An analysis of cultural beliefs and practices of the community, the difference between Ibo and Christianity way of life as well as issues surrounding one of key characters can assist in understanding the content of the novel. The Ibo community practices polytheism; they belief and worship more than one god. The community believes that there is a supreme god known as Chukwu who created the universe and other gods. According to one of the members of the community, Okonkwo, they worship other small gods and when they do not respond accordingly, they turn to the supreme god. Ibo have curved wood which they use as a symbol to represent their gods (Achebe 72). This is because of the fact that they believe in physical god. They also worship the Oracle Hills and Caves as sacred places where their goods lived. The community allowed the practice of polygamy. In this case, men can marry as many wives as they can maintain. Those with many wives were respected and honored members of the community. Okonkwo who is a main character in the novel had many wives and this was as a symbol of strength. In such a family set-up, the man lived in a separate house from all his wives. Each wife had a house of her own where she lived with her children. This was aimed at enhan... ...e committed suicide. The act of committing suicide was not the best option for Okonkwo. This is because he was still energetic and his family was still in need of his support. I would have not committed suicide if I was him. He had done a lot to raise his wealth from scratch and should have waited to enjoy the fruits of the hard work. In conclusion, Things Fall a part is a representation of the differences between an African community and missionaries. The missionaries believed that Christianity and formal education were superior over traditions and hence the Ibo people were to be converted. The conflict which comes about due to the resistance from some members of the community demonstrates how incompatible the two cultural practices are. The title can be related by the situation where Okonkwo,  could not hold it more to see how things have fallen in the community.

Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay

Love is defined as an intense feeling of deep affection. In Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream love is tossed around significantly. For example, one day a young person may find themselves in love with one person and then wake up only to love someone else. It is supposedly done by magic. Magic and love inconstancy are the biggest themes expressed in the play. Love is toyed with by magic making it some supernatural power at the control of the mischievous fairies. The inconstancy of love shown through several sets of young lovers is the most powerful theme making the play a kindhearted comedy rather than a solid love story. The course of true love never did run smooth. † (Shakespeare 8) One of the young lovers, Lysander, sums up the whole theme of the play that love can never run its course without obstacles. Lysander falls in love with a young girl named Hermia who is loved by Demetrius. As if this love triangle isn’t enough, there is another girl named Helena who loves Demetrius and was previously engaged to him. Of course this couldn’t be it! Hermia’s father Egeus has sworn to make her a nun or even kill her if she doesn’t marry, in his eyes, the glorious Demetrius. This whole love pentagon is the epitome of the theme of love inconstancy. There is no option that would make everybody happy! Magic interferes making it an utterly baffling tale within the tale of loves inconstancy. Another problem involving love in the play is that of the soon to be wedded Theseus and Hippolyta. â€Å"Hippolyta, I wooed thee with my sword, and won thy love doing thee injuries; but I will wed thee in another key, with pomp, with triumph, and with reveling. † Hippolyta was a former Amazon and had her people conquered by Theseus. This reflects how Hippolyta truly feels about her engagement with Theseus, as she most likely opposes Theseus’s belief that love can be obtained by power. It is not truly known how Hippolyta feels toward the whole thing, as she has yet to come out and say anything; however, the reader gets the idea she isn’t nearly as thrilled as Theseus. The final set of lovers who find themselves in a typical husband and wife dispute. Oberon and Titania, king and queen of the fairies. They originally are in a meaningless quarrel over some little fairy, and Oberon is angered. Oberon calls for one of his fairies, Puck, to place a spell on Titania so that she falls in love with the first thing she sees. Quite the set up for the disaster! It ends up turning out better than Oberon could have ever hoped as Titania falls in love with a worthless peasant, Nick Bottom, who is funny enough dressed as an ass. Magic has once again turned love into something supernatural(for supernatural beings). â€Å"My Oberon what visions have I seen! Methought I was enamored of an ass. How came these things to pass? O, how mine eyes do loathe his visage now! †(Shakespeare 64) After Oberon eventually has the spell removed, Titania awakens only to realize that she has no idea what she was thinking and now is disgusted by him. These sets of lovers all had a role in the main theme of the inconstancy of love. The endings of all their problems are very much expected, as this aids the lightheartedness of the play rather than an unexpected moving love story. Magic ties it all together making love something controllable, and quite fun to mess with at that. Whether it be through the love pentagon of the five crazy Athenians, the powerful Theseus and his disconsolate, disapproving queen Hippolyta, or the problematic fairy rulers, Shakespeare does an excellent job using the theme of the inconstancy of love.

Elimination of Ethnic and Religious Discrimination Essay

The word discrimination can be defined as, â€Å"treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit.† One large type of discrimination in the world of today is religious and ethnic discrimination. Religious and ethnic discrimination is when someone discriminates against another person based solely on their religious beliefs or background and their ethnicity. Unfortunately, religious and ethnic discrimination are problems which stretch across the globe and occur in almost every country. One of the most well known cases of religious discrimination was the Holocaust. For those of you who may be unfamiliar with it, the Holocaust was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews and millions of others during World War II. The Holocaust was led by Nazi-leader Adolf Hitler; he discriminated and disliked the Jews merely because they were Jewish. Rather than actually getting to know any of them and then judging their character once he was a bit more familiar with them, he made a superficial judgment, decided he disliked them, started to discriminate against them, and eventually led the Holocaust. He merely disliked and discriminated against them because of their religion, regardless of who they really were, that it pure religious discrimination. A well known example of ethnic discrimination is the segregation that occurred in the USA during the 20th century, more specifically the early to mid 20th century. Segregation is, â€Å"the enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment.† Schools, living properties, and even playground are just small few of the large amount that was segregated at that time. Although this delegation is not pleased to say it, there is religious and ethnic discrimination in Tunisia as well. Tunisian singer Salah Misbah says that he is constantly discriminated against because of the dark color of his skin, supposedly having been called names such as, â€Å"a dirty slave†. There are also some cases of religious discrimination in the constitution of Tunisia. It declares the country’s determination to adhere to the teachings of Islam, stipulates that Islam is the official state religion, and that the President be Muslim, therefore discriminating against all who are not Muslim. Also, The Government does not permit the establishment of political parties on the basis of religion and prohibits proselytizing, which means attempting to convert someone to your faith, by non-Muslims. Tunisia recognizes that discrimination of any kind is wrong, especially these two, and, for that reason welcomes the possible solutions to this problem. Although religious and ethnic discrimination may seem like a difficult problem to handle, there are solutions. Unjust discrimination of any kind can normally be linked with poor education. If children are taught well about other traditions, religions, and cultures they are less likely to discriminate against people of those backgrounds. Another, slightly harsher, possible solution could be for the government to adopt a no-tolerance policy in relation to religious and racial crimes. Out of fear of being punished, it might dissuade those who are inclined to commit religious and racial crimes. In conclusion, if the necessary education is given, and laws or tolerance polices set in place, it may decrease the amount of religious and ethnic discrimination around the globe. Unfortunately, try as we might it seems as if religious and ethnic discrimination are problems which may never be fully and completely eliminated and eradicated, but that will not stop Tunisia, and hopefully the rest of the UN, from trying our best to do so! Sources: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/discrimination http://www.politicsforum.org/forum/viewtopic.php?f=32&t=124377 http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90222.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/segregation

Dual Polarization in Urban Russia, 1905-1917 Essay Example

Dual Polarization in Urban Russia, 1905 Dual Polarization in Urban Russia, 1905-1917 Essay Dual Polarization in Urban Russia, 1905-1917 Essay The first twenty years of the 20th century were a period of sweeping changes in Russia. At the beginning of the century the country remained a monarchy with obsolete economy and poor development of industry and technology. The liberal-democratic revolution 1905 made the first blow to tsarism: the monarch Nikolay II gave some of his state authority to the parliament (State Duma). In 1906 the minister Stolypin launched agrarian reforms that failed to modernize the inefficient economy.In 1914 Russia entered World War I, which undermined already weak country. By 1917, almost all layers of the society were discontent with the social, economic and political condition of the country. In October 1917 the Bolsheviks along with other political parties unleashed the October revolution that completely overthrew the monarchy, ended Russia’s participation in WWI and finally reformed the economy, but eventually led to bloody Civil War in the country.What caused numerous uprisings, revolutions and civil war, when all objectives (regarding peace, land and power) appeared to have been met? This matter remains a hot issue for both Russian and especially Western researchers, which creates obvious singularity of this decade for Western experience . Soviet historians thought that October revolution of 1917 was the culmination of revolutionary movements of the decade. In contrast, Haimson argues that there was no political and economic stability, thus the revolutionary masses were largely stratified.Despite the all-nation opposition to absolutism, this nation was very heterogeneous, consisting of gentry, educated people, big businessmen and industrialists, workers and peasants, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, SRs and intelligentsia . Some participants of the revolution strived for modernization of the obsolete system of authority, while proletariat was displeased with the results of industrial modernization that led to impoverishment of the province and appearance of the industrial slums, as well as new capitalist relations.Haimson introduces the concept of dual polarisation that characterized the urban society before 1914. The first level of this polarization was represented by the sense of isolation, of psychological distance, that separated the Petersburg workers from educated, privileged society . This huge gap caused the inefficiency of the multiple strikes of the period. A vivid example is the Petersburg strike in July 1914, which failed, because the workers failed to involve other social strata to this strike.The second level of polarization, after Haimson, represented the distance between the vast bulk of the privileged society and the tsarist regime . In the long run, this distance was decisive to the final overthrow of tsarist rule (Nicholay II abducted the throne) . The educated intelligentsia, inspired by the French revolution and aware of the Russia’s dire need for modernization of authority and economy, was ready to join the proletariat and establish a more progressive authority.However, in practice these social layers were too different not to disintegrate, as soon as the old regime was overthrown. Even the intelligentsia itself was very differently orientated. Haimson’s conception is very helpful for a Westerner who wants to look into the complicated history of Russia in the 20th century. The notion of double polarization reveals that the revolutionary masses were highly heterogeneous and were united only for a temporary aim, so that the civil war was in a kind inevitable.It also visualizes the main forces that motivated the people to participate in strikes and revolutions, despite their differences in social status and aims. Haimson’s idea also helps to account for the elemental, spontaneous character of the October revolution that engaged at once almost all the population of the country – and then resulted in the civil war and re-division of land and power with Bolsheviks finally coming to power to establish the Soviet union. To sum up, this conception helps to explain the internal mechanism of the revolutions that were crucial to formation of the democratic society.

HRM- Report - As HR Manager at Kenworth Hotels Essay

HRM- Report - As HR Manager at Kenworth Hotels - Essay Example The increase in expansion of businesses into multinational companies has led to great competition that has necessitated rise in demand for high tech and competitive managers. To become an effective manager, an individual needs to have broad knowledge about international affairs and different global cultures especially of the target market. This report is going to provide guidance on the appropriate selection process, training, remuneration, reward and promotion of manager to work for Kenworth Hotels in Spain. In so doing, the report will guide the audience into understanding various concepts of international labours, ethical practices; integration of businesses into international status. In the process, the report will highlight challenges and solutions for international companies. The report will also inform the executive of Kenworth Hotels about issues to give significant focus and concentration to ensure success of the intended foreign investment. However good, globalization came and has grown in magnitude and scope with particular problems and challenges that requires fixing or addressing for companies or businesses intending to expand internationally to achieve success. Some issues related to globalization tend to be serious to overwhelm the abilities of managers and individual companies to exercise control and regulation (Dewhirst 2012). The most common issues related to globalization or internationalization of companies include cultural incompatibilities, price wars, compliance to rules and regulations governing businesses operations and transfer of knowledge among others. To survive and emerge successful in the process of globalization, businesses need to identify and understand the challenges related to internationalization. International companies need to comply with the labour laws set and established by the governments of the parent and host countries. Usually, international companies especially those involved with

Obesity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Obesity - Research Paper Example Most Americans have adopted a culture of taking fast/convenient foods instead of cooking food at home. This behavior is particularly extravagant among children. Children prefer taking sweetened drinks and snacks for lunch instead of taking full meals. Sweetened drinks and snacks contain a high content of calories. Routine taking of high calories foods leads to accumulation of fats in the body and thus children become obese. Due to the addictiveness of convenient foods, children end up taking more fast foods and lesser healthy foods. The lifestyles that most American families have adopted contribute to obesity. Children are not involved in physical activities. Children have little or no play time. Physical exercise activities have been proven to reduce effectively accumulated calories in the body. The same children who take high intake of junk food do not participate in any forms of physical exercise. The children thus end up being obese. USA’s economic status has improved. The rates of unemployment have reduced and thus a large percentage of the population is in a ‘good’ socio-economic status. Therefore, most American children can afford to buy fast foods. Moreover, mot junk foods are associated with people of a certain higher social class, and, therefore, most children want to take them. Purchasing and taking a lot of junk food leads to children being obese. The business of selling fast foods is doing very well in the USA. The kind of advertisements being used is very appealing. Most of the advertisements make an impression that the foods are very sweet and healthy. The health risk of these foods is not included in the advertisements. Most people fall into the advertisements trap and end up purchasing them and, in the long run, suffer from obesity. There is little education among the children and the parents on the dangers of taking junk food and the need for physical exercise. This has led to the current imbalance in

Discuss and evaluate the problems faced by project managers Essay - 1

Discuss and evaluate the problems faced by project managers - Essay Example The major assumptions have to be documented as they impact the planning and estimation process. Assumptions also imply a degree of risk and hence all members of the team should understand the assumptions involved in project planning. Projects are not only about managing change but also about managing relationships and managing uncertainty (Bourne & Walker, 2005). The construction and defense industries have been the primary users have been the primary users of project management to deliver outcomes. Projects are usually tangible having straightforward â€Å"command and control structures† where authority and responsibility is appropriately balanced. However, the situation became difficult and managing change became difficult as organizations moved from relatively simple functional structure to the complexity of the matrix structure. The changed business environment requires a different management paradigm. The paradox of project control is that the project manager has to be vi gil in controlling the outcome of the project amidst change and uncertainty when the project manager is himself affected b y the same change and uncertainty. ... Project teams Projects create a scenario in which constant diffusion of knowledge and emergent working practices result as a complex interplay between constantly changing project conditions and an indeterminate and shifting organizational terrain (Bresnen, Goussevskaia & Swan 2004). The construction industry for one encompasses a wide range of activities and hence the form of organization depends upon the size of the project, type and scale of the work undertaken. Projects may have non-routine project processes in addition to complex inter-professional and inter-organizational contractual working relationships. Project teams are heterogeneous and comprise of people from different professional and organizational backgrounds. Movement of staff between projects is common. Project organizations require a de-centralized team-working. A team has been defined as an energetic group of people committed to achieving common objectives and who enjoy working together thereby also producing qualit y outcomes (Aurthur, Wall & Halligan, 2003). Moreover the project manager should be able to encourage and reinforce localized action. The new management initiatives can bring about success when there is decentralization, short-term emphasis on project performance and distributed work practices. Project teams comprise of a unique group of individuals who work together in a controlled environment towards a common goal (Atkins & Gilbert, 2003). Each member of the team contributes their knowledge or expertise to solve a jointly owned problem (McGreevy, 2006). The very idea of a project team is to enable multiple perspectives, different functions, variety of experiences and a broad skill set which has a bearing on the project (Hacker,

Facial Recognition Biometrics Essay Example for Free

Facial Recognition Biometrics Essay Traditional personal identification and authentication methods always have the danger of being stolen, duplicated or forgotten. Hence, biometrics was introduced as an identification and authentication technology, where physical features would be used for recognizing a person. This technology uses many features for unique identification like fingerprints, face, irises and voice. Fingerprints are by far the most popular techniques used for i8dentification, because of their traditional use in forensics. However, face recognition is considered to be the more direct, friendly and convenient method for identification as compared to fingerprint identification. This has made face recognition system as the second most widely used biometric technology after fingerprinting with a projected revenue of $429 million in 2007, according to Raicu Strandburg (2005). This growth in the use of this technology is attributed to the sharp rise in the number of digital cameras and camcorders and inconsequence surveillance cameras. The purpose of this paper is to analyze this technology, explain its basic principle, look into the limitations of the technology and the research work being done in this field. Face Recognition Face recognition consists of two steps: face detection and location; features extraction and face recognition. Figure below shows a flowchart of the face recognition system: Fig -1 Flow chart of a basic face recognition system (Zhang, 2000) Face Detection and Location – This step checks if the given image or image sequence includes faces. It yes, then it locates the position of the faces and segments each face from the background Features extraction and face recognition – This step checks the various features that distinguish different individuals. It figures whether the people in the image are the given person or if he / she are in the database. Needless to say, the face recognition system depends upon the input of the system. The importance of the input and picture background is explained by Zhang (2000) by giving the following example. The picture taken during log in on a system and passing custom are controlled. That is to say the background is uniform for the images or image sequences. The pose, orientation etc is also known and well controlled. This makes the process of face recognition is accurate and faster. However, in case of an input environment which is universal for all situations, there might be number of faces and also a complex background. The location of the face and its size is not known, the illumination on the different faces in a picture is different and their expressions might be different too. In such cases, the face detection and location is difficult. Face recognition can be made difficult due to different expressions, orientations and age, making the process of feature extraction and face recognition all the more difficult (Zhang, 2000) One important parameter in the evaluation of a face-processing system is the performance evaluation. The basic measurement parameters are the same as that for pattern recognition system FA i. e. false acceptance or false positive and FR i. e. false rejection or false negative. As in case of a pattern recognition system, an ideal face-recognition system should have very low scores of FA and FR, but a practical system usually makes trade-offs between these two factors. History of Face Processing Systems Development According to Zhao Chellappa (2006), the earliest work on face recognition can be traced to the early 1950s in psychology and 1960s in engineering literature. However, the research on automatic machine recognition of faces started in 1970s after the work of Kanade and Kelly. For over 30 years extensive research has been conducted on various aspects of face recognition by humans and machines. During early and mid 1970s typical pattern-classification techniques using measured attribute of features for instance the distances between important points in faces or profiles were used. In 1980s, the work in this field remained largely dormant. The interest in this field was renewed in 1990s due to an increase in commercial opportunities, availability of real-time hardware and emergence of surveillance related applications. During this time the research was focused on how to make the face-recognition systems fully automatic by tackling various underlying problems like localization of a face in a given image or a video clip and extraction of features such as eyes, mouth etc (Zhao Chellappa, 2006) Applications of Face processing The applications of face processing vary, leading to different features extraction and face recognition. For instance, one application is the face verification, which means that the person is who he claims to be. This is used in places like banks for identity confirmation. Another application is to check if the person exists in the database and if yes than which one. This is known as face recognition and used in surveillance systems in offices. A variation of this is when we wish to have a list of candidates with a specific set of specified features. This is used in the police department (Zhang, 2000) The table below gives some applications of face processing including detection and tracking, recognition of identity and expressions, and also personalized realistic rendering (Zhao Chellappa, 2006).

Gcc economies

Gcc economies Introduction Challenges and Opportunities in GCC Economies. General Attitude towards Foreign Investors Trade integration and Economic Philosophy in GCC economies. Economic Status of GCC economies. Economic Stability. GCCs Political Stability . FDI in the GCC countries The size of the Market . Physical Infrastructure . Resource Endowment and Industrialization . Labor Force . GCC India business relationship . Challenges. Trade Protection and Competitiveness. Lack of diversification The Changing Economic Context of Gulf Politics. Recommendations and conclusions Reference Executive Summary The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is an attractive location for investment and a salient consumer market for imported goods and services, and information technology to one of the youngest population that is considered to have highest powers of spending in the world. The common market of the six GCC economies are open to foreign capital investment and are continually working to grant national treatment to all foreign investment firms and cross country investment and services trade. By 2010, GCCs inter-state trade is expected to enhance by 25 percent, and international trade in this states is anticipated to grow by multiples. Given its trade history and strategic location, the six GCC economies has had long trade and diplomatic relationships with Asia, Europe, and African states, suggesting that it stands to benefit in the long-term from the anticipated growth of these countries. The GCC economies have upheld an open system of trading, free capital movement, convertibility of currency with fixed nominal rates, and large labor inflows- both skilled and unskilled. Additionally, the GCCs advanced financial systems have been an essential channel for advancing their trade integration into the global community. Despite current global economic crises, the GCC has remained a very liquid expanse. The economic growth in several key sectors is forecasted to be moving forwards across the region. Any investor considering venturing in the GCC should be centrally positioned to take advantage of one of the worlds fastest-growing markets. Given the GCCs comparative advantage in oil, gas, petrochemical products, and private capital, and given the Indias technology, know- how, marketing skills and that can be marketed in a very sizeable market indeed. When countries or trading partners specialize on the basis of their comparative advantages, returns are maximized. Therefore Indian firms invested heavily according to the strategy emphasizing their comparative advantages in oil and gas service sector, which presents a great scope for Indian enterprises to undertake joint investments in these fields. Introduction The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) consisting of states six Arab states (Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman United Arab Emirates, and the Kuwait) located in Arabian Gulf. The GCC economies are one of the fastest-growing international markets and have become increasingly important to the economy of the whole world. GCC attracts an ever-increasing number of foreign investments and across wide-ranging sectors. Its rapid development and expansion has made it an active seeker for modern technological capacities, infrastructure development, and business services. Development and improvements have been made to build up a private sector that is fewer dependants on government or natural resources, thus making the area an attractive destination for investment and competitive market for expatriate workers and overseas expansions (Al Bawaba, 2007). The GCC countries investment climate is conducive to foreign investment. GCC countries are continuously adopting policies and taking measures to improve this climate and taking into consideration changes in the international economic parameters and factors. GCC economies recognize the value of attracting and maintaining foreign investment and have resulted to adopting measures aimed at attracting and encouraging foreign investment. GCCs openness to foreign investment and capital has been motivated by an expectation that foreign capital and investment will attract financial resources- visible and invisible, as well as bringing in modern technology (Al-Shamali Denton, 2000). In addition, it may also raise marketing potentials of the local firms by providing access to export markets. Foreign capital and investment can also advance skills and techniques of management and set up state-of-the art facilities of training. The initiative for encouraging invest mostly focuses on the institutional structure and on creating legal and administrative conditions appropriate for carrying out investment activities. Despite current global economic crises, the GCC has remained a very liquid expanse. The economic growth in several key sectors is forecasted to be moving forwards across the region. Any investor considering venturing in the GCC should be centrally positioned to take advantage of one of the worlds fastest-growing markets. However, investments and trade links among the Arab countries leave much to be desired. Capital-rich countries do not feel safe investing in people-endowed or resource-rich countries. However this latter group of Arab countriescan insure food safety, enlarged markets for industrializing GCC countries and investment opportunities (Al Bawaba, 2007). Political risk is often cited as a deterrent, along with bureaucracy. Most often governments are blamed for failure to devise a system that motivates the public as well as the private sector to joint efforts. This paper identifies investment prospect and provide advice on the challenges and opportunities for an Indian enterprise intending to embark on an investment in oil and gas service sector in the GCC region. Challenges and Opportunities In GCC Economies General Attitude towards Foreign Investors Generally speaking, GCC Countries religion, social fabric and norms, and their economic and political cultures do not have in any way prejudices against foreign investors (Al Bawaba, 2007 b). The fact is that there is a history of fruitful co-operation and strong tradition of hospitality. The number of foreign firms and expatriate workers in the region clearly manifest this attitude. Hostilities in whatsoever manner of at any level of contact are absent. Trade integration and Economic Philosophy in GCC economies The GCC economies has had an apparent degree of success in terms of trade integration, capital mobility, labor creation, and in setting regular standards in diverse regulation areas. Some of the GCC members have extended cordial privileges to foreign capitals and investment in areas such as share-market, investment, and government procurement. The longstanding economic philosophy of the region is obviously an open free market and outward oriented (Al Bawaba, 2007). Private property rights are well established and honored. GCC countries, unlike many developing countries, have never experienced what could be called socialist inclinations. Capital and goods are allowed to freely enter and leave GCC countries. Foreign exchange control measures are non- existent and as thus expatriation of profits, remittances and dividends face no restrictions. GCC countries openness is also manifested in their high foreign trade openness ratio which reached more than 70%. For comparison reasons, the same ratio amounted to 16% in U.S.A. and 18% in Japan. This manifests the dependence and incorporation of GCC economies in the international market (Al-Shamali Denton, 2000). Economic Status of GCC economies The combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the GCC economies is estimated to reach 1.15trillion dollars according to the Gulf Finance House (GFH) projections. The projection by the Saudi American Bank (Samba) and Al Ahli Bank estimates that by 2018, total investment in the GCC economies could reach up to 670 million dollars. The GCCs world economy share is estimated to enlarge slightly higher than the annual average global growth with an aggregate of 4.5 percent, compared to globally annual average of 3.3 percent (Emerging Markets Monitor, 2008). Within 10 years, the GCC countries are expected to be supplying nearly one-quarter of the world with oil as well as increased quantities of petrochemicals, plastics and metals. Economic Stability The six countries of the GCC possess many common and rather special characteristics. They all depend on oil and gas for government revenues and foreign exchange earnings. These governments revenues and expenditures move the engine of the economy. The non-oil sector, while growing constantly, remains relatively dependent. Oil will remain the major source of energy and the main vehicle to development for years to come (Al-Shamali Denton, 2000). Its role in the international economy as an important strategic commodity needs no elaboration here. Thus, GCC countries status as major producers and exporters will continue to enhance their economic power. GCC production of this strategic commodity accounts for more than 20% of world production. Of the worlds proven oil and natural gas reserves, GCC states hold 45% and 15% respectively, according to conservative estimates (Emerging Markets Monitor, 2008). GCC states have been recording positive GDP growth rates even at times of international recession. Their Consolidated GDP has surpassed the landmark of $ 550 Billion according to World Bank. Expenditure on capital formation (investment) totals more than 25% of GDP. Another indicator of stability, inflation, has remained one digit, and below 5% in most recent years in all GCC countries. Not only that, but inflation was recorded with a negative sign in some years. GCC states have maintained their realistic path of rationalizing expenditure and conservatively estimating revenues. This years budgets which have been based on expected oil prices of $ 40 per barrel, at a time when market indicators and oil experts expectations foresee a price close to $ 60 per barrel. In fact, this behavior has helped GCC countries to record large surpluses in their actual oil revenues during the last few years, and thus assisted them in settling internal debt arrears, and replenishing their foreign exchange reserves. It is evident that GCC countries have started to reap the fruits of the daring measures adopted for the last few years of rationalizing expenditure and embracing the concept of efficiency in the management of both the private and the public sectors. More importantly, they have succeeded in reducing peoples expectations regarding the role of t he government in providing subsidies, employment opportunitiesetc. GCC countries have enjoyed surpluses during the last decade, sometimes substantial, in the current balance of payments (Al Bawaba, 2007). High rates of savings, however, have been unmatched by corresponding internal investments, the potential growth vehicles for these economies. The exhaustibility of their resources implies the urgent need for long-term economic and financial planning in these countries before nonreversible trends take root Economic stability and growth are also combined with general trends which among other results strengthen and enhance foreign investments. GCC governments are pursing policies towards more economic liberalization, privatization and giving a greater role to the private sector. Moreover, export 0riented policies are dominating and manifested in the creation of export financing institutions and establishing specialized exporting units in ministries and chambers of commerce and industry. GCCs Political Stability GCC countries are renowned for their stable political and administrative governance. Power is smoothly handed and regime change is less frequent as compared to most of the developed and developing countries. The stability of the regimes in GCC countries is totally correlated with the stability of general strategies and policies (Al-Shamali Denton, 2000). The strong legitimacy and popular support enjoyed by GCC regimes is rather rare in other developing countries and even in some developed ones. However, on the political and administrative level, there are several fundamental problems that have remained unsolved. Some customs union are yet to be fully implemented, while unstable bilateral agreements between individual GCC states and other trade partners undermine the consistency of the external tariff regime. The monetary union of some GCC economies has been called into question and especially by latest announcement by Oman to opt out and by the reluctance of the governments to agree on representative criteria of convergence. Political tensions have been created between some neighboring GCC States, particularly between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which could make the political stability level of the GCC economies to wobble. FDI in the GCC countries Having recognized the importance of attracting FDI, GCC economies have adopted new measures aimed at attracting foreign capital and investment. These new measures and development priorities include realizing sustained economic growth by raising investment rates of private sector; enhancing technological skills and local capacities; improving the exports into the world markets, creating more competitive employment opportunities. Openness to foreign capital and investment has been stimulated by an expectation that this openness will bring in financial resources, while attracting modern technology. In addition, foreign capital and investment provides raises marketing capabilities of local firms and access to export markets. It also facilitates upgrading of the management techniques and skills. In the GCC economies, the FDI flow accounts for more than the worlds average in two of the GCC states (Bahrain and Qatar). Conversely, except for the UAE, FDI stock has accounted for a key share weighed against to the value of Gross Domestic Product in these GCC economies, as was evidenced in the case of Bahrain, in which the stock reached more than 74 percent and 70 percent of the level of GDP in 2000 and 2004 respectively. The GCC Service sector Market The size of the market is considered one of the main factors in determining inflows of foreign investments. The larger the size of the market and the greater its growth rates, the larger are volumes of foreign investments. Unfortunately, a popular perception, based on the population estimates only, sees GCC states markets as small. This perception fails to appreciate a number of facts: First, GCC states constitute an economically united bloc which entails among other things a market size of a population approaching 38.7 million inhabitants. Second, the per capita income for GCC states is more that $ 14,317. In other words the populations of the GCC countries enjoy high levels of income, even by advanced industrialize countries standards. Third, the high incomes enjoyed by GCC countries are reflected in high purchasing power and effective demand. GCC states are also strategically situated, by neighboring the African and European continents and being the entrance gate to Asia. It should be mentioned that GCC imports from the rest of the world totaled about $ 119,524.35 million in 2004. Physical Infrastructure Whenever foreign investment in developing countries is discussed, inadequate physical infrastructure is cited as a major discouraging factor. On the contrary, GCC states have succeeded in utilizing their abundant resources in creating a very well developed by any standards physical infrastructure. Major industrial and population centers are connected to each other and to the ports with international standard road network. Recently installed telecommunication systems are in some ways even better than some industrialized countries. New power and water capacity is being installed, and the consumption is being rationalized through meaningful tariffs (Diekmeyer, 2009). Most large urban centers in the region have been provided with industrial parks, complete with necessary utilities and other amenities needed by manufacturing operations (Diekmeyer, 2009). Resource Endowment and Industrialization As petroleum and natural gas form the greatest volume of GCC resources, their industrial development has been directed mainly towards oil and gas based industries such as petroleum refining, chemical fertilizers and petrochemical industries and/or to energy intensive industries such as aluminum and steel (Al-Shamali Denton, 2000). This goes in line with the concept of comp of comparative advantage i.e. if countries specialize in producing commodities on the basis of their comparative advantage, returns from production and trade will be maximized. The availability of cheap energy resources is a blessing for GCC industrialization. For example, the gas used as a feed stock to the petrochemical industry is associated gas and most of it is a by-product of crude oil production. The cost of producing this gas is very low and if it is not used it would have to be flared (Al-Shamali Denton, 2000). Developments in the level and efficiency of the industrial capabilities of the GCC region enhanced the availability of a number of foreign investment attracting factors such as the skills available to prospective investors, efficiency of local suppliers and service firms, and a net-work of supporting institutions, both private and public. Labor Force The substantial developments which took place in all economic sectors have affected GCC labor force in two major ways. First, it required and induced large influxes of foreign professional, skilled and unskilled labor. On the positive side, this has helped in bridging the shortage in local labor, expediting the development process, and exposed the local labor force to a variety of rich experiences and high levels of theoretical and practical training in all fields and aspects of life. That is definitely a plus and an encouraging factor for any future investments, both local and foreign. Second, the tradition and experience in bringing and dealing with well-trained foreign labor reduces the possibility of manpower bottlenecks. That is to say labor as a factor of production is no problem for whoever is interested in establishing production or services units. Expatriate labors as well as nationals do not pay income taxes. Another important factor for foreign and local investors is that in the GCC region there is no record of business disruption because of labor disputes. Gcc India Business Relationship: GCC countries and India have strong trade relations. In 2005, the volume of trade between the two parties was nearly $20 billion GCC countries supply India with a large portion of its oil imports, near $6 billion (Alam, 2008). For GCC countries, their comparative advantages lie in the manufacture of hydrocarbons and the development of energy intensive metal and mineral based products. In addition to this there is a great scope for investment in small and medium size ventures. Furthermore, forecasts show that petrochemical industries for example can branch out into two categories during the next few years (Ramazani Kechichian, 1998). Industries in the GCC countries can specialize in basic petrochemical and energy intensive metals while Indian companies can benefit from such products by using them in manufacturing highly specialized and specialized and sophisticated products with higher value added (Alam, 2008). As a result, this step will certainly enhance the ability of GCC countries not only to import more specialized Indian products, but also will help them in diversifying their industrial base. The attractive investment climate and the geographical market proximity of GCC countries make them suitable candidates for export platform of Indian investments and joint ventures. This scenario is strengthened by the availability of more than 6000 GCC small and medium sized enterprises, covering a wide variety of manufacturing activities (Ramazani Kechichian, 1998). These include food, textiles, wood, paper, chemicals, metallic, non- metallic, engineering and other fields of activities (Alam, 2008). Studies reveal that about 90% of these SMES have plans for expanding their activities. This fact offers the Indian business community wide opportunities via joint ventures, turnkey operations, production sharing, licensing, and other forms of non- equity involvement. The GCC Indian economic relationship would be enhanced by: Arranging visits for Indian businessmen to GCC countries so that they learn more about the regions investment and business opportunities. FGCCC can co-ordinate such visits. Organizing joint exhibitions both in the region and in India. Organizing events to enlighten GCC businessmen with the available Indian co-operation instrument and institutions in fields of trade and investment. We notice a dearth of information on trade, markets and investment opportunities. There is a need for India GCC body to collect and disseminate such information. Challenges Trade Protection and Competitiveness Although many GCC countries boost of open trade policies, they extensively use production subsidies protect a large inefficient, domestic non-oil sectors, often public owned. Price related factors ones are usually among the most imperative factors that affect trade outcomes (Al Bawaba, 2007). The prices of goods and services being traded are considerably influenced by tariffs level and non tariff barriers as well as by real effective rates of exchange, which are themselves influenced by macroeconomic conditions and policies. There is a compelling evidence that trade protection is high for some GCC countries relative to their income levels. Lack of diversification The GCC countries lack diversification in the sustainable economic base and need to devise a system which encourages private investment in industry, agriculture, exports and re-exports, i.e., production and movement of goods. The virtual absence of continuous local water resources and reliance on desalinated water, which is both expensive and insecure, is a constant challenge. Local food and agricultural production falls far short of providing self-reliance and security in light of a burgeoning population and evolving patterns of consumption. Population increase and a dramatic upsurge in education require finding appropriate employment for those with improved skills, as the present rate of growth in the non-oil sector leaves a widening gap between manpower supply and demand. The Changing Economic Context of Gulf Politics The Islamist sectors in the states making up the GCC have grown more politically active since the time that the welfare states were established in the 1970s. The population in these regions has also increased while the price of oil, the main source of revenue, remained fixed. The educated young generation is actively seeking participation in administrative and political levels of governance, while the middle demands work with good wages (Ramazani Kechichian, 1998). On the political and administrative level, there are several fundamental problems that have remained unsolved. Some customs union are yet to be fully implemented, while unstable bilateral agreements between individual GCC states and other trade partners undermine the consistency of the external tariff regime. The monetary union of some GCC economies has been called into question and especially by latest announcement by Oman to opt out and by the reluctance of the governments to agree on representative criteria of convergence. Political tensions have been created between some neighboring GCC States, particularly between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, which could make the political stability level of the GCC economies to wobble. Recommendations and conclusions The GCC countries investment climate is conducive to foreign investment. GCC countries are continuously adopting policies and taking measures to improve this climate and taking into consideration changes in the international economic parameters and factors. GCC economies recognize the value of attracting and maintaining foreign investment and have resulted to adopting measures aimed at attracting and encouraging foreign investment. For Indian enterprises trading in the oil and petroleum service sector, their comparative advantage lies in their specialization in production technology The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is therefore an attractive destination for an entrepreneur wishing to invest in oil and petroleum service sector and the opportunities in this sector far outweighs the challenges. References Alam A., (2008) India and West Asia in the Era of Globalisation, Michigan: New Century Publications, Al-Shamali A., Denton J., (2000) Arab business: the globalization imperative, India: Kogan Page Publishers, Al Bawaba, (2007 a), The Future of the Gulf: The World Economic Forum Launches Scenarios on the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries, p1 Al Bawaba, (2007 b), Saudi Arabia intensifies reform efforts to improve competitiveness around two thirds of $240 billion in planned projects outside oil, gas, and petro p1 Diekmeyer, P. (2009) †Export Wise, Summer,† GCC: Infrastructure Development Opportunities., p26-28, 3p; Emerging Markets Monitor, GCC: Implications Of The Credit Crunch. (2007), Vol. 13 Issue 20, p1-2, Emerging Markets Monitor, (2008) US Crisis: GCC, 14 (26), p17-17,; Ramazani, R. K. Kechichian J. A. (1998) The Gulf Cooperation Council: record and analysis, US: University of Virginia Press,

What was Montesquieu?s aim in writing The Spirit of the Laws? Essay

‘I ask a favour that I fear will not be granted; it is that one not judge by a moment’s reading the work of twenty years, that one approve or condemn the book as a whole and not some few sentences. If one wants to seek the design of the author, one can find it only in the design of the work.’ (Montesquieu 1989: preface) The Spirit of the Laws took Montesquieu twenty years to write and was first published in Geneva in 1748. It was distributed freely, without the hindrance of censorship and deemed and instant success, despite negative feedback from friends to whom the manuscript was shown. After two years and twenty-two impressions made across Europe many critics arose of his work, however this merely added to the fame of the author. Despite his critics, Montesquieu knew he had created a worthy and original work of political theory expressed by the phrase of his last preface ‘an offspring made without a mother’. (Montesquieu 1989: preface) This suggests that Montesquieu intended to create a distinctive political theory which was unlike any of his predecessors. Although he quotes famous predecessors such as Plato and Aristotle, he treats them as sources of information rather than philosophical fundamentals. The Spirit of the Laws was Montesquieu’s last work and undeniably over the course of twenty years he implemented what Judith Shklar suggests as ‘his entire intellectual capital as a judge, scientist, novelist, historian, and traveller...’ (Shklar 1987: 67) It is his work ...

Chemistry IA

Research question: Does the concentration (mol DMS) of sulfur dioxide in wine rise or fall when exposed to alarm for different time periods (O, 75,150,225, 300 minutes)? Purpose: Many adults enjoy the consumption of wine but are not aware of the different preservatives and chemicals that are added to the drink. Sulfur Dioxide, which is added to many food products including wine because it acts as a redundant, is Well known as a poisonous and allergenic substance (Echo-consult, n. D), making it a somewhat harmful ingredient.The purpose of this experiment Is to determine how the amount of sulfur dioxide In white wine Is affected by the exposure to the alarm over different time periods and whether this will negatively or positively affect the human body. The boiling point of sulfur dioxide is -ICC, therefore when it is above this temperature it is expected to evaporate. According to Rutledge Estates, an Australian wine companyÃ'Ÿtriangle Estates, 2011), the concentration of sulfur diox ide In wine reduces when subjected to aeration, this loss of sulfur dioxide increases over time.This reduction in sulfur dioxide can be beneficial for people with allergies but can be harmful for the wine as oxidation causes a loss of the fruity flavor, browning, and the development of allowedly or nutty flavors (Threadlike, 2013). Hypothesis: As the wine Is left out for longer the sulfur dioxide content falls. Variables: Variable Dependent The amount of Sulfur doodle Independent Amount of time Controlled The equipment used The rinsing techniques The measurements of each Sodium hydroxide (ml) White wine (ml) Sulfuric acid (1 Mol) Starch indicator (2 ml) Set Up: mall flask Stopwatch PipetteThese results did not conform to the hypothesis; this difference could be a result of the percentage error in the equipment, and the systematic error. The results for each trial only varied slightly therefore the narrow time limit could have affected the results, there may have been larger differen ce of SIS if the experiment was conducted over a larger period of time. If this was the problem then it can be seen that over short periods of time the concentration of SIS does not change very much.This means that wine will take longer to oxides and will have antibacterial properties for a longer time, making it retain its flavor and quality for a longer time. Percentage errors in instruments: Percentage error for Pipette- Percentage error com of pipettes wine) X 100 x 100 ?0. 2% Percentage error for Burette titration 1- Percentage error =(Uncertainty com of average titration) X 100 =(0. 049. 60) XIII Table of percentage errors in instruments Instrument Titration Uncertainty Percentage error (%) Ð’Â ±o. Ml 0. % Ð’Â ±o. Ml 0. 4% 5 Evaluation: Weakness Reason Improvement The timing of each interval. The laboratory was lock at certain times, this was not accounted for in the planning stage and made the timing very inaccurate. Plan the experiment at the beginning of the day acc ounting for all breaks and laboratory trading hours. The number of trials There was not enough time to do enough trials to get three concordant results for each test Repeat experiment until there are at least three concordant results Seeing the end pointIt was hard to tell what color the endpoint should be as the previous titration would change color after a period of time Have a color chart that is permanent which the color of the titer can be compared to Contamination of wine The beakers holding the wine were exposed to the air and there may have been gases in the air which contaminated the wine. Place the wine in a place which is not exposed to things which could contaminate it. Rinsing technique The equipment was rinsed multiple times but foreign chemicals could still have been present Repeat all of the rising steps twice to ensure they are not contaminatedMeasuring inaccuracies Seeing how much iodine was still in the burette was difficult because the lines were very close toget her. Spend more time with maximum concentration on viewing the measurements on the burette. Bibliography: Threadlike, M 2013 Wine Aeration and Its Adverse Effects, Iowa State University, accessed 25 November 2013, . Shannon, C 2011 Is aerating wine Just hot air? , Rutledge Estates, accessed November 2013, . The use of Sulfur Dioxide in Must and Wine n. D. , Echo-consult, Pdf, accessed Xavier, L n. D. Titration, CICADAS, accessed 25 November 2013, .